BIOCHIPS
A biochip is a collection of miniaturized microarrays arranged on a solid substrate .An embedded chip which
specifies the medical parameters
blood pressure ,glucose levels, oxygen levels.
“A single electronic card may
replace everything in your wallet including. . .
. . . your credit cards
. . . your ATM card
. . . your ID cards
. . . your insurance
. . . and your life
FUTURE One card, or one chip, with your life on it.”
. . . your credit cards
. . . your ATM card
. . . your ID cards
. . . your insurance
. . . and your life
FUTURE One card, or one chip, with your life on it.”
“Biochips”-The
most exciting future technology is an outcome of the fields of Computer
science, Electronics & Biology. Its a new type of bio-security device to
accurately track information regarding what a person is doing, and who is to
accurately track information regarding what he is doing, and who is actually
doing it. It’s no more required with biochips the good old idea of
remembering pesky PINs, Passwords, &
Social security numbers .No more matters of carrying medical records to a
hospital, No more cash/credit card carrying to the market place; everything
goes embedded in the chip…. Every thing goes digitalized. No more hawker tricks
on the internet….! Biochip has a variety technique for secured E-money
transactions on the net. The power of biochips exists in capability of locating
lost children, downed soldiers, and wandering Alzheimer patients.
“Implementation of Glucose detector in Biochips”
”Implementation of Oxygen sensor in Biochips”
“Implementation of Blood pressure sensor in Biochips”
“Proposal of Solution for the typical theft problem
faced by the
Biochips”
The four contributions have been
discussed in detail with the proposed principles for implementation of the
concepts.
A simple ID chip
is already walking around in tens of thousands of individuals, but all of them
are pets. Companies such as AVID (Norco, Calif.), Electronic ID, Inc.
(Cleburne, TX.), and Electronic Identification Devices, Ltd. (Santa Barbara,
Calif.) sell both the chips and the detectors. The chips are of the size of an
uncooked grain of rice, small enough to be injected under the skin using a
hypodermic syringe needle. They respond to a signal from the detector, held
just a few feet away, by transmitting out an identification number. This number
is then compared to database listings of registered pets. The Biochip tagging
for humans has already started…Rush out for your tag!!!!!
INTRODUCTION:-
Biochips
are any microprocessor chips that can be used in Biology. The biochip technology was originally developed in 1983 for
monitoring fisheries, it’s use now includes, over 300 zoos, over 80 government
agencies in at least 20 countries, pets (everything from lizards to dogs),
electronic "branding" of horses, monitoring lab animals, fisheries,
endangered wildlife, automobiles, garment tracking, hazardous waste, and
humans. Biochips are "silently" inching into humans. For instance, at
least 6 million medical devices, such as artificial body parts (prosthetic
devices), breast implants, chin implants, etc., are implanted in people each
year. And most of these medical devices are carrying a "surprise"
guest — a biochip. In 1993, the Food and Drug Administration passed the Safe
Medical Devices Registration Act of 1993, requiring all artificial body
implants to have "implanted" identification — the biochip. So, the
yearly, 6 million recipients of prosthetic devices and breast implants are
"biochipped". To date, over 7 million animals have been
"chipped". The major biochip companies are A.V.I.D. (American
Veterinary Identification Devices), Trovan Identification Systems, and
Destron-Fearing Corporation.
THE
BIOCHIP TECHNOLOGY
The
current, in use, biochip implant system is actually a fairly simple device.
Today’s, biochip implant is basically a small (micro) computer chip, inserted
under the skin, for identification purposes. The biochip system is radio
frequency identification (RFID) system, using low-frequency radio signals to
communicate between the biochip and reader.
THE
BIOCHIP IMPLANT SYSTEM CONSISTS OF TWO COMPONENTS:
The biochip transponder consists of four parts:The transponder is the actual biochip implant. It is a passive transponder, meaning it contains no battery or energy of its own. In comparison, an active transponder would provide its own energy source, normally a small battery. Because the passive biochip contains no battery, or nothing to wear out, it has a very long life, up to 99 years, and no maintenance. Being passive, it's inactive until the reader activates it by sending it a low-power electrical charge. The reader "reads" or "scans" the implanted biochip and receives back data (in this case an identification number) from the biochip. The communication between biochip and reader is via low-frequency radio waves.
1.
computer Microchip:
The
microchip stores a unique identification number from 10 to 15 digits long. The
storage capacity of the current microchips is limited, capable of storing only
a single ID number. AVID (American Veterinary Identification Devices), claims
their chips, using an nnn-nnn-nnn format, has the capability of over 70
trillion unique numbers. The unique ID number is "etched" or encoded
via a laser onto the surface of the microchip before assembly. Once the number
is encoded it is impossible to alter. The microchip also contains the electronic
circuitry necessary to transmit the ID number to the "reader".
This
is normally a simple, coil of copper wire around a ferrite or iron core. This
is tiny primitive radio antenna "receives and sends” signals from the
reader or scanner.
3.
Tuning Capacitor:
The
capacitor stores the small electrical charge (less than 1/1000 of a watt) sent
by the reader or scanner, which activates the transponder. This
"activation" allows the transponder to send back the ID number
encoded in the computer chip. Because "radio waves" are utilized to
communicate between the transponder and reader, the capacitor is
"tuned" to the same frequency as the reader.
4.
Glass Capsule:
The
glass capsule "houses" the microchip, antenna coil and capacitor. It
is a small capsule, the smallest measuring 11 mm in length and 2 mm in
diameter, about the size of an uncooked grain of rice. The capsule is made of
biocompatible material such as soda lime glass. After assembly, the capsule is
hermetically (air-tight) sealed, so no bodily fluids can touch the electronics
inside. Because the glass is very smooth and susceptible to movement, a
material such as a polypropylene polymer sheath is attached to one end of the
capsule. This sheath provides a compatible surface which the bodily tissue
fibers bond or interconnect, resulting in a permanent placement of the biochip.
The
biochip is inserted into the subject with a hypodermic syringe. Injection is
safe and simple, comparable to common vaccines. Anesthesia is not required nor
recommended. In dogs and cats, the biochip is usually injected behind the neck
between the shoulder blades. Trovan, Ltd., markets an implant, featuring a
patented "zip quill", which you simply press in, no syringe is
needed. According to AVID "Once implanted, the identity tag is virtually
impossible to retrieve. . . The number can never be altered."
THE READER:
The
reader consists of an "exciter" coil which creates an electromagnetic
field that, via radio signals, provides the necessary energy (less than 1/1000
of a watt) to "excite" or "activate" the implanted biochip.
The reader also carries a receiving coil that receives the transmitted code or
ID number sent back from the "activated" implanted biochip. This all
takes place very fast, in milliseconds. The reader also contains the software
and components to decode the received code and display the result in an LCD
display. The reader can include a RS-232 port to attach a computer.
WORKING
OF A BIOCHIP:
The
reader generates a low-power, electromagnetic field, in this case via radio signals,
which "activates" the implanted biochip. This "activation"
enables the biochip to send the ID code back to the reader via radio signals.
The reader amplifies the received code, converts it to digital format, decodes
and displays the ID number on the reader's LCD display. The reader must
normally be between 2 and 12 inches near the biochip to communicate. The reader
and biochip can communicate through most materials, except metal.
THE
APPLICATIONS:
With a biochip tracing
of a person/animal , anywhere in the world is possible:
Once the reader is connected to the internet, satellite and a
centralized database is maintained about the biochipped creatures, It is always
possible to trace out the personality intended.
A biochip can store
and update financial, medical, demographic data, basically everything about a
person:
An implanted biochip can be scanned to pay for groceries, obtain medical
procedures, and conduct financial transactions. Currently, the in use,
implanted biochips only store one 10 to 15 digits. If biochips are designed to
accommodate with more ROM & RAM there is definitely an opportunity.
A biochip leads to a
secured E-Commerce systems :
It’s a fact; the world is very quickly going to a digital or E-economy,
through the Internet. It is expected that by 2008, 60% of the Business
transactions will be performed through the Internet. The E-money future,
however, isn't necessarily secure. The Internet wasn't built to be Fort Knox.
In the wrong hands, this powerful tool can turn dangerous. Hackers have already
broken into bank files that were 100% secure. A biochip is the possible
solution to the "identification and security" dilemma faced by the
digital economy. This type of new bio-security device is capable of accurately
tracking information regarding what
users are doing, and who are to accurately track information regarding
what users are doing, and who is
actually doing it.
Biochips really are potent in replacing
passports, cash, medical records:
The really powered biochip systems can replace cash, passports, medical
& other records! It’s no more required to carry wallet full cash,
credit/ATM cards, passports & medical records to the market place. Payment
system, authentication procedures may all be done by the means Biochips.
Medicinal
implementations of Biochips : A New Era
Proposed by us
Biochip as Glucose
Detector :
The Biochip can be integrated with a glucose detector. The
chip will allow diabetics to easily monitor the level of the sugar glucose in
their blood. Diabetics currently use a skin prick and a hand-held blood test,
and then medicate themselves with insulin depending on the result. The system
is simple and works well, but the need to draw blood means that most diabetics
don't test themselves as often as they should. Although they may get away with
this in the short term, in later life those who monitored infrequently suffer
from blindness, loss of circulation, and other complications.
The solution is more frequent testing, using a less invasive method. The
biochip will sit underneath the skin, sense the glucose level, and send the
result back out by radio-frequency communication.
Proposed
principle of Glucose detection:
A
light-emitting diode (LED) in the biochip starts off the detection process. The
light that it produces hits a fluorescent chemical: one that absorbs incoming
light and re-emits it at a longer wavelength. The longer wavelength of light is
then detected, and the result is sent to a control panel outside the body.
Glucose is detected because the sugar reduces the amount of light that the
fluorescent chemical re-emits. The more glucose there is the less light that is
detected.
Biochip as
Oxygen sensor:
The biochip
can also be integrated with an oxygen sensor .The oxygen sensor will be useful
not only to monitor breathing in intensive care units, but also to check that
packages of food, or containers of semiconductors stored under nitrogen gas,
remain airtight.
Proposed
principal of Oxygen sensor in Biochip:
The
oxygen-sensing chip sends light pulses out into the body. The light is absorbed
to varying extents, depending on how much oxygen is being carried in the blood,
and the chip detects the light that is left. The rushes of blood pumped by the
heart are also detected, so the same chip is a pulse monitor.
Biochip as an Blood
Pressure sensor:
In normal situations, The Blood Pressure of a healthy Human being is
120/80 mm of Hg. A Pressure ratio lower than this is said to be “Low BP “
condition & A Pressure ratio more than this is “High BP” condition. Serious
Effects will be reflected in humans during Low & High BP conditions; it may
sometimes cause the death of a Person. Blood Pressure is checked with BP
Apparatus in Hospitals and this is done only when the patient is abnormal.
However, a continuous monitoring of BP is required in the aged people &
Patients.
A huge variety of hardware circuitry (sensors) is available in
electronics to detect the flow of fluid. It’s always possible to embed this
type of sensors into a biochip. An integration of Pressure (Blood Flow)
detecting circuits with the Biochip can make the chip to continuously monitor
the blood flow rate & when the pressure is in its low or high extremes it
can be immediately informed through the reader hence to take up remedial
measures.
MILITARY APPLICATIONS :
In defence bio chips play a wireless
key role by detecting traumatic brain injuries and other spot health problems
.This application is used to providing intime treatment for injured persons.
GENERAL APPLICATIONS:
In our daily life we and our accounts
(credit cards,debit cards) are identified by our pin number or eye scans or
finger tips or voice recognition.In sometimes except pin numbers remaining
identifications leads to errors.In upcoming days biochips also preferred as
personal identification purpose.
Typical Problem of Biochips: A
Solution Proposed –
The Lock: Problem before the world
A chip
implant would contain a person’s financial world, medical history, health care
— it would contain his electronic life". If cash no longer existed and if
the world’s economy was totally chip oriented; — there would be a huge
"black-market" for chips! Since there is no cash and no other
bartering system, criminals would cut off hands and heads, stealing
"rich-folks" chips.
"It is
very dangerous because once kidnappers get to know about these chips, they will
skin people to find them,"
(New York Times, June 20, 1999)
The typical
solutions won’t work well are already proposed by different people:
The Biochip must retain data only if it is
placed in a fluid medium like blood & not in any other medium.
This
technique is unsuitable for identification of dead bodies (murdered by the
kidnappers) as it loses the data about the social security number.
The data in the Biochip must be erased if it is exposed
to sunlight/air.
This
technique is unsuitable as transplantation of biochip from genuine to the fraud
in darkness (by means of infrared light) or in the vacuum (by means of oxygen
cylinders).
And many such…….!!!!!!!!
Our key: The solution Proposed by me:
A generic & existing model of Biochips consists of only
ROM component in it and is capable of accommodating the data such as social
security number, Passport number, bankcard number etc., which are normally
permanent in nature. The induction of
RAM component in addition to ROM & storing the Bankcard, Financial details
which causes the problem is a mere solution.
As RAM needs to be continuously charged inorder to retain
the data, Current can be supplied to the chip either from the electrical energy
produced in the cells or by converting the heat energy in our body to
electrical energy.
Once if the chip is taken out from the human body RAM
immediately loses the Power supply from the human body; thus information in the
RAM is lost and therefore is useless for the kidnappers.
However this technique will not affect the data in ROM i.e.
Social security number that can be used to detect the address of the dead
bodies that were unidentified.
CONCLUSION
The Cyber
Future InfoTech will be implanted in our bodies.
A chip implanted
somewhere in human bodies might serve as a combination of credit card,
passport, driver's license, personal diary. No longer would it be needed to
worry about losing the credit cards while traveling. A chip inserted into human
bodies might also give us extra mental power.
The really fascinating idea
is under fast track research "but we're close.” The day in which we have chips embedded
in our skins is not too far from now. "This is science fiction stuff." ”This is a true example to prove science
really starts s with fiction”.
BIBLOGRAPHY:-
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